| Miletus : History |  |
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Neolithic
The earliest available archaeological evidence indicates that the islands on which Miletus was originally placed were tenanted by a Neolithic population in the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BCE (3500-3000 BCE). Pollen in core samples from Lake Bafa in the Latmus region inland of Miletus suggest that a lightly-grazed climax forest prevailed in the Maeander valley, otherwise untenanted. Sparse Neolithic settlements were made at springs, numerous and sometimes geothermal in this karst, rift valley topography. The islands offshore were settled perhaps for their strategic significance at the mouth of the Maeander, a route inland protected by escarpments. The grazers in the valley may have belonged to them, but the location looked to the sea.
Bronze Age
Recorded history at Miletus begins with the records of the Hittite Empire in the Late Bronze Age. The prehistoric archaeology of the Early and Middle Bronze Age portray a city heavily influenced by society and events elsewhere in the Aegean, rather than inland.
Cretan period
Beginning at about 1900 BCE artifacts of the Minoan civilization acquired by trade arrived at Miletus. For some centuries the location received a strong impulse from that civilization, an archaeological fact that tends to support, but not substantiate, the legend of a founding; that is, a population influx, from Crete. According to Strabo :
- Ephorus says: "Miletus was first founded and fortified above the sea by Cretans, where the Miletus of olden times is now situated, being settled by Sarpedon, who brought colonists from the Cretan Miletus and named the city after that Miletus, the place formerly being in possession of the Leleges".
The legends recounted as history by the ancient historians and geographers are perhaps the strongest; the late mythographers have nothing historically significant to relate.
Luwian and Greek period
Miletus is first mentioned in the Hittite Annals of Mursili II as Millawanda. In ca. 1320 BC, Millawanda supported the rebellion of Uhha-Ziti of Arzawa. Mursili ordered his generals Mala-Ziti and Gulla to raid Millawanda, and they proceeded to burn parts of it (damage from LHIIIA:2 has been found on-site: Christopher Mee, Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age, p. 142). In addition the town was fortified according to a Hittite plan (ibid, p. 139).
Millawanda is then mentioned in the "Tawagalawa letter", part of a series including the Manapa-Tarhunta letter and the Milawata letter, all of which are less securely dated. The Tawagalawa letter notes that Milawata had a governor, Atpa, who was under the jurisdiction of "Ahhiyawa" (a growing state probably in LHIIIB Mycenaean Greece); and that the town of Atriya was under Milesian jurisdiction. The Manapa-Tarhunta letter also mentions Atpa. Together the two letters tell that the adventurer Piyama-Radu had humiliated Manapa-Tarhunta before Atpa (in addition to other misadventures); a Hittite king then chased Piyama-Radu into Millawanda and, in the Tawagalawa letter, requested Piyama-Radu's extradition to Hatti.
The Milawata letter mentions a joint expedition by the Hittite king and a Luwiyan vassal (probably Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira) against Milawata (apparently its new name), and notes that Milawata (and Atriya) were now under Hittite control.
Homer records that during the time of the Trojan War, it was a Carian city (Iliad, book II).
In the last stage of LHIIIB, the citadel of Pylos counted among its female slaves "Mil[w]atiai", women from Miletus.
During the collapse of Bronze Age civilisation, Miletus was burnt again - presumably by the Sea Peoples.
Dark Age
Mythographers told that Neleus son of Codrus of Athens had come to Miletus after the return of the Heraclids (so, during the Greek Dark Age). The Ionians killed the men of Miletus and married their widows.
Archaic period
The city of Miletus became one of the twelve Ionian cities of Asia Minor. Miletus was one of the cities involved in the Lelantine War of the 8th century BCE. Miletus was an important center of philosophy and science, producing such men as Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes.
By the 6th century BC, Miletus had earned a maritime empire but brushed up against powerful Lydia at home.
When Cyrus of Persia defeated Croesus of Lydia, Miletus fell under Persian rule. In 502 BC, the Ionian Revolt began in Naxos; and when Miletus's tyrant Aristagoras failed to recapture the island, Aristagoras joined the revolt as its leader. Persia quashed this rebellion and punished Miletus in such a fashion that the whole of Greece mourned it. A year afterward, Phrynicus produced the tragedy The Capture of Miletus in Athens. The Athenians fined him for reminding them of their loss.
Classical period
Its gridlike layout, planned by Hippodamos, became the basic layout for Roman cities. In 479 BC, the Greeks decisively defeated the Persians at the Greek mainland, and Miletus was freed of Persian rule. During this time several other cities were formed by Milesian settlers, spanning across what is now Turkey and even as far as Crimea. The courtesan Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, was also born in Miletus as was the eponymous founder of the bawdy Miletian school of literature Aristides of Miletus.
Alexandrian period
In 334 BC, the city was liberated from Persian rule by Alexander the Great.
Roman period
The New Testament mentions Miletus as the site where the apostle Paul met with the elders of the church of Ephesus before his capture and travel to Rome for trial, as well as the city where Trophimus, one of Paul's travelling companions, recovered while sick.
It is believed that Paul stopped by Great Harbour Monument and sat on its steps, on his way back to Jerusalem by boat. He may have met the Ephesian Elders there and then bid them farewell on the nearby beach, which was recorded in the book of Acts.
Byzantine period
During the Byzantine age Miletus became a residence for archbishops. The small Byzantine castle called Castro Palation located on the hill beside the city, was built at this time.
Turkish rule
Seljuk Turks settled into the city in the 12th century A.D. and used Miletus as a port to trade with Venice. Finally, Ottomans utilized the city as a harbour during their rule in Anatolia. As the harbour became silted up, the city was abandoned. Today the ruins of city lie some 10 kilometres from the sea.
Archaeological excavations
The first excavations in Miletus were conducted by the French archaeologist Olivier Rayet in 1873, followed by the German archaeologist Theodor Wiegand. But these were interrupted several times by wars and various other events. Today, excavations are organized by the Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany.
One remarkable artifact recovered from the city during the first excavations of the 19th century, the Market Gate of Miletus, was transported piece by piece to Germany and currently exhibited at the Pergamon museum in Berlin. The main collection of artifacts resides in the Miletus Museum in Didim, Aydın, serving since 1973.
Colonies of Miletus
Pliny the Elder mentions 90 colonies founded by Miletus in his Natural History (5.112).
- Apolonia
- Odessos
- Tomis
- Histria
- Tyras
- Olbia
- Panticapaeum
- Theodosia
- Tanais
- Phanagoria
- Pityus
- Dioscurias
- Phasis
- Trapezunt
- Amisos
- Sinope
Notable people
- Thales (c. 624 BC-c. 546 BC) Pre-Socratic philosopher
- Anaximander (c. 610 BC-c. 546 BC) Pre-Socratic philosopher
- Anaximenes (c. 585 BC-c. 525 BC) Pre-Socratic philosopher
- Aristides of Miletus, writer
- Hecataeus of Miletus, historian
- Hesychius (6th century) Greek chronicler and biographer
- Isidore (4th-5th century) Greek architect
From Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miletus
Text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
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